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annotate doc/gnulib.texi @ 7618:549e482b5ecd
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(Miscellanous Notes): ...from this.
| author | Ralf Wildenhues <Ralf.Wildenhues@gmx.de> |
|---|---|
| date | Tue, 07 Nov 2006 19:51:40 +0000 |
| parents | 7caba67886be |
| children | 1736cdb7eda4 |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 5239 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @comment $Id: gnulib.texi,v 1.30 2006-11-07 19:51:40 rwild Exp $ |
| 5239 | 3 @comment %**start of header |
| 4 @setfilename gnulib.info | |
| 5 @settitle GNU Gnulib | |
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| 5239 | 7 @syncodeindex pg cp |
| 8 @comment %**end of header | |
| 9 | |
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10 @set UPDATED $Date: 2006-11-07 19:51:40 $ |
| 5239 | 11 |
| 12 @copying | |
| 13 This manual is for GNU Gnulib (updated @value{UPDATED}), | |
| 14 which is a library of common routines intended to be shared at the | |
| 15 source level. | |
| 16 | |
| 6764 | 17 Copyright @copyright{} 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 5239 | 18 |
| 19 @quotation | |
| 20 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
| 21 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
| 22 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no | |
| 23 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' | |
| 24 and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
| 25 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
| 26 License.'' | |
| 27 | |
| 28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify | |
| 29 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
| 30 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
| 31 @end quotation | |
| 32 @end copying | |
| 33 | |
| 34 @dircategory Software development | |
| 35 @direntry | |
| 5257 | 36 * Gnulib: (gnulib). Source files to share among distributions. |
| 5239 | 37 @end direntry |
| 38 | |
| 39 @titlepage | |
| 40 @title GNU Gnulib | |
| 41 @subtitle updated @value{UPDATED} | |
| 42 @author @email{bug-gnulib@@gnu.org} | |
| 43 @page | |
| 44 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
| 45 @insertcopying | |
| 46 @end titlepage | |
| 47 | |
| 48 @contents | |
| 49 | |
| 50 @ifnottex | |
| 51 @node Top | |
| 52 @top GNU Gnulib | |
| 53 | |
| 54 @insertcopying | |
| 55 @end ifnottex | |
| 56 | |
| 57 @menu | |
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58 * Introduction:: |
| 5239 | 59 * Invoking gnulib-tool:: |
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60 * Miscellaneous Notes:: |
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61 * Particular Modules:: Documentation of Individual Modules |
| 5239 | 62 * Copying This Manual:: |
| 63 * Index:: | |
| 64 @end menu | |
| 65 | |
| 66 | |
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67 @node Introduction |
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68 @chapter Introduction |
| 5239 | 69 |
| 7548 | 70 Gnulib is a source code library. It provides basic functionalities to |
| 71 programs and libraries. Currently (as of October 2006) more than 30 | |
| 72 packages make use of Gnulib. | |
| 73 | |
| 74 Resources: | |
| 5239 | 75 |
| 76 @itemize | |
| 77 @item Gnulib is hosted at Savannah: | |
| 78 @url{http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gnulib}. Get the sources | |
| 79 through CVS from there. | |
| 80 @item The Gnulib home page: | |
| 81 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/}. | |
| 82 @end itemize | |
| 83 | |
| 7548 | 84 @menu |
| 85 * Library vs. Reusable Code:: | |
| 86 * Portability and Application Code:: | |
| 87 * Modules:: | |
| 88 * Various Kinds of Modules:: | |
| 89 * Collaborative Development:: | |
| 90 * Copyright:: | |
| 91 * Steady Development:: | |
| 92 * Openness:: | |
| 93 @end menu | |
| 94 | |
| 95 @include gnulib-intro.texi | |
| 96 | |
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97 |
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98 @include gnulib-tool.texi |
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99 |
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100 |
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101 @node Miscellaneous Notes |
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102 @chapter Miscellaneous Notes |
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103 |
| 5239 | 104 @menu |
| 105 * Comments:: | |
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106 * Header files:: |
| 5239 | 107 * Out of memory handling:: |
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108 * Library version handling:: |
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109 * Windows sockets:: |
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110 * Libtool and Windows:: |
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111 * License Texinfo sources:: |
| 5239 | 112 @end menu |
| 113 | |
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114 |
| 5239 | 115 @node Comments |
| 116 @section Comments | |
| 117 | |
| 118 @cindex comments describing functions | |
| 119 @cindex describing functions, locating | |
| 120 Where to put comments describing functions: Because of risk of | |
| 121 divergence, we prefer to keep most function describing comments in | |
| 122 only one place: just above the actual function definition. Some | |
| 123 people prefer to put that documentation in the .h file. In any case, | |
| 124 it should appear in just one place unless you can ensure that the | |
| 125 multiple copies will always remain identical. | |
| 126 | |
| 127 | |
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128 @node Header files |
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129 @section Header files |
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130 |
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131 @cindex double inclusion of header files |
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132 @cindex header file include protection |
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133 It is a tradition to use CPP tricks to avoid parsing the same header |
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134 file more than once, which might cause warnings. The trick is to wrap |
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135 the content of the header file (say, @file{foo.h}) in a block, as in: |
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136 |
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137 @example |
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138 #ifndef FOO_H |
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139 # define FOO_H |
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140 ... |
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141 body of header file goes here |
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142 ... |
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143 #endif /* FOO_H */ |
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144 @end example |
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145 |
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146 Whether to use @code{FOO_H} or @code{_FOO_H} is a matter of taste and |
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147 style. The C89 and C99 standards reserve all identifiers that begin with an |
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148 underscore and either an uppercase letter or another underscore, for |
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149 any use. Thus, in theory, an application might not safely assume that |
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150 @code{_FOO_H} has not already been defined by a library. On the other |
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151 hand, using @code{FOO_H} will likely lead the higher risk of |
| 5269 | 152 collisions with other symbols (e.g., @code{KEY_H}, @code{XK_H}, @code{BPF_H}, |
| 153 which are CPP macro constants, or @code{COFF_LONG_H}, which is a CPP | |
| 154 macro function). Your preference may depend on whether you consider | |
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155 the header file under discussion as part of the application (which has |
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156 its own namespace for CPP symbols) or a supporting library (that |
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157 shouldn't interfere with the application's CPP symbol namespace). |
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158 |
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159 @cindex C++ header files |
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160 @cindex Header files and C++ |
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161 Adapting C header files for use in C++ applications can use another |
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162 CPP trick, as in: |
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163 |
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164 @example |
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165 # ifdef __cplusplus |
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166 extern "C" |
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167 @{ |
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168 # endif |
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169 ... |
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170 body of header file goes here |
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171 ... |
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172 # ifdef __cplusplus |
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173 @} |
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174 # endif |
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175 @end example |
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176 |
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177 The idea here is that @code{__cplusplus} is defined only by C++ |
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178 implementations, which will wrap the header file in an @samp{extern "C"} |
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179 block. Again, whether to use this trick is a matter of taste and |
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180 style. While the above can be seen as harmless, it could be argued |
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181 that the header file is written in C, and any C++ application using it |
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182 should explicitly use the @samp{extern "C"} block itself. Your |
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183 preference might depend on whether you consider the API exported by |
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184 your header file as something available for C programs only, or for C |
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185 and C++ programs alike. |
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186 |
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187 @subheading Include ordering |
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188 |
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189 When writing a gnulib module, or even in general, a good way to order |
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190 the @samp{#include} directives is the following. |
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191 |
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192 @itemize |
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193 @item First comes the #include "..." specifying the module being implemented. |
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194 @item Then come all the #include <...> of system or system-replacement headers, |
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195 in arbitrary order. |
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196 @item Then come all the #include "..." of gnulib and private headers, in |
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197 arbitrary order. |
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198 @end itemize |
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199 |
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200 |
| 5239 | 201 @node Out of memory handling |
| 202 @section Out of memory handling | |
| 203 | |
| 204 @cindex Out of Memory handling | |
| 205 @cindex Memory allocation failure | |
| 206 The GSS API does not have a standard error code for the out of memory | |
| 207 error condition. Instead of adding a non-standard error code, this | |
| 208 library has chosen to adopt a different strategy. Out of memory | |
| 209 handling happens in rare situations, but performing the out of memory | |
| 210 error handling after almost all API function invocations pollute your | |
| 211 source code and might make it harder to spot more serious problems. | |
| 212 The strategy chosen improve code readability and robustness. | |
| 213 | |
| 214 @cindex Aborting execution | |
| 215 For most applications, aborting the application with an error message | |
| 216 when the out of memory situation occur is the best that can be wished | |
| 217 for. This is how the library behaves by default. | |
| 218 | |
| 219 @vindex xalloc_fail_func | |
| 220 However, we realize that some applications may not want to have the | |
| 221 GSS library abort execution in any situation. The GSS library support | |
| 222 a hook to let the application regain control and perform its own | |
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223 cleanups when an out of memory situation has occurred. The application |
| 5239 | 224 can define a function (having a @code{void} prototype, i.e., no return |
| 225 value and no parameters) and set the library variable | |
| 226 @code{xalloc_fail_func} to that function. The variable should be | |
| 227 declared as follows. | |
| 228 | |
| 229 @example | |
| 230 extern void (*xalloc_fail_func) (void); | |
| 231 @end example | |
| 232 | |
| 233 The GSS library will invoke this function if an out of memory error | |
| 234 occurs. Note that after this the GSS library is in an undefined | |
| 235 state, so you must unload or restart the application to continue call | |
| 236 GSS library functions. The hook is only intended to allow the | |
| 237 application to log the situation in a special way. Of course, care | |
| 238 must be taken to not allocate more memory, as that will likely also | |
| 239 fail. | |
| 240 | |
| 241 | |
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242 @node Library version handling |
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243 @section Library version handling |
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244 |
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245 The module @samp{check-version} can be useful when your gnulib |
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246 application is a system library. You will typically wrap the call to |
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247 the @code{check_version} function through a library API, your library |
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248 header file may contain: |
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249 |
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250 @example |
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251 #define STRINGPREP_VERSION "0.5.18" |
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252 ... |
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253 extern const char *stringprep_check_version (const char *req_version); |
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254 @end example |
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255 |
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256 To avoid ELF symbol collisions with other libraries that use the |
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257 @samp{check-version} module, add to @file{config.h} through a |
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258 AC_DEFINE something like: |
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259 |
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260 @example |
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261 AC_DEFINE(check_version, stringprep_check_version, |
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262 [Rename check_version.]) |
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263 @end example |
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264 |
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265 The @code{stringprep_check_version} function will thus be implemented |
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266 by the @code{check_version} module. |
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267 |
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268 There are two uses of the interface. The first is a way to provide |
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269 for applications to find out the version number of the library it |
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270 uses. The application may contain diagnostic code such as: |
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271 |
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272 @example |
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273 printf ("Stringprep version: header %s library %s", |
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274 STRINGPREP_VERSION, |
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275 stringprep_check_version (NULL)); |
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276 @end example |
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277 |
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278 Separating the library and header file version can be useful when |
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279 searching for version mismatch related problems. |
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280 |
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281 The second uses is as a rudimentary test of proper library version, by |
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282 making sure the application get a library version that is the same, or |
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283 newer, than the header file used when building the application. This |
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284 doesn't catch all problems, libraries may change backwards incompatibly |
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285 in later versions, but enable applications to require a certain |
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286 minimum version before it may proceed. |
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287 |
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288 Typical uses look like: |
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289 |
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290 @example |
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291 /* Check version of libgcrypt. */ |
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292 if (!gcry_check_version (GCRYPT_VERSION)) |
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293 die ("version mismatch\n"); |
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294 @end example |
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295 |
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296 |
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297 @node Windows sockets |
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298 @section Windows sockets |
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299 |
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300 There are several issues when building applications that should work |
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301 under Windows. The most problematic part is for applications that use |
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302 sockets. |
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303 |
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304 Hopefully, we can add helpful notes to this section that will help you |
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305 port your application to Windows using gnulib. |
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306 |
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307 @subsection Getaddrinfo and WINVER |
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308 |
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309 This was written for the getaddrinfo module, but may be applicable to |
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310 other functions too. |
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311 |
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312 The getaddrinfo function exists in ws2tcpip.h and -lws2_32 on Windows |
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313 XP. The function declaration is present if @code{WINVER >= 0x0501}. |
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314 Windows 2000 does not have getaddrinfo in its @file{WS2_32.dll}. |
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315 |
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316 Thus, if you want to assume Windows XP or later, you can add |
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317 AC_DEFINE(WINVER, 0x0501) to avoid compiling to (partial) getaddrinfo |
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318 implementation. |
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319 |
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320 If you want to support Windows 2000, don't do anything, but be aware |
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321 that gnulib will use its own (partial) getaddrinfo implementation even |
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322 on Windows XP. Currently the code does not attempt to determine if |
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323 the getaddrinfo function is available during runtime. |
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324 |
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325 Todo: Make getaddrinfo.c open the WS2_32.DLL and check for the |
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326 getaddrinfo symbol and use it if present, otherwise fall back to our |
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327 own implementation. |
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328 |
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329 |
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330 @node Libtool and Windows |
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331 @section Libtool and Windows |
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332 |
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333 If you want it to be possible to cross-compile your program to MinGW |
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334 and you use Libtool, you need to put: |
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335 |
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336 @example |
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337 AC_LIBTOOL_WIN32_DLL |
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338 @end example |
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339 |
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340 in your @file{configure.ac}. This sets the correct names for the |
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341 @code{OBJDUMP}, @code{DLLTOOL}, and @code{AS} tools for the build. |
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342 |
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343 If you are building a library, you will also need to pass |
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344 @code{-no-undefined} to make sure Libtool produces a DLL for your |
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345 library. From a @file{Makefile.am}: |
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346 |
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347 @example |
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348 libgsasl_la_LDFLAGS += -no-undefined |
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349 @end example |
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350 |
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351 |
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352 @node License Texinfo sources |
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353 @section License Texinfo sources |
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354 |
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355 Gnulib provides copies of the GNU GPL, GNU LGPL, and GNU FDL licenses |
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356 in Texinfo form. (The master location is |
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357 @url{http://www.gnu.org/licenses/}). These Texinfo documents have |
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358 various node names and structures built into them; for your manual, |
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359 you might like to change these. It's ok to do this, and a convenient |
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360 way to do so is to use a context diff and the @option{--local-dir} |
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361 option to @command{gnulib-tool}. |
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362 |
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363 Of course the license texts themselves should not be changed at all. |
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364 |
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365 |
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366 @node Particular Modules |
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367 @chapter Particular Modules |
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368 |
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369 @menu |
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370 * Quoting:: |
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371 * ctime:: |
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372 * gcd:: |
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373 * inet_ntoa:: |
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374 * Regular expressions:: |
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375 @end menu |
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376 |
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377 @include quote.texi |
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378 |
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379 @include ctime.texi |
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380 |
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381 @include gcd.texi |
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382 |
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383 @include inet_ntoa.texi |
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384 |
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385 @node Regular expressions |
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386 @section Regular expressions |
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387 |
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388 Gnulib supports many different types of regular expressions; although |
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389 the underlying features are the same or identical, the syntax used |
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390 varies. The descriptions given here for the different types are |
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391 generated automatically. |
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392 |
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393 @include regexprops-generic.texi |
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394 |
| 5239 | 395 |
| 396 @node Copying This Manual | |
| 397 @appendix Copying This Manual | |
| 398 | |
| 399 @menu | |
| 400 * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual. | |
| 401 @end menu | |
| 402 | |
| 403 @include fdl.texi | |
| 404 | |
| 405 | |
| 406 @node Index | |
| 407 @unnumbered Index | |
| 408 | |
| 409 @printindex cp | |
| 410 | |
| 411 @bye |