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New module 'iconv_open'.
author Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org>
date Sat, 31 Mar 2007 21:00:19 +0000
parents c1709670004e
children 0d037d707401
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1 Gnulib
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2 ======
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3
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4 Gnulib is intended to be the canonical source for most of the important
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5 "portability" and/or common files for GNU projects. These are files
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6 intended to be shared at the source level; Gnulib is not a library meant
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7 to be installed and linked against. Unlike most projects, Gnulib does
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8 not normally generate a source tarball distribution; instead, developers
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9 should just grab modules directly from the repository.
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10
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11 While portability across operating systems is not one of GNU's primary
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12 goals, it has helped introduce many people to the GNU system, and is
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13 worthwhile when it can be achieved at a low cost. This collection helps
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14 lower that cost.
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16
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17 Contributing to Gnulib
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18 ======================
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19 All software here is Copyright (c) Free Software Foundation - you need
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20 to have filled out an assignment form for a project that uses the
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21 module for that contribution to be accepted here.
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22
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23 If you have a piece of code that you would like to contribute, please
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24 email bug-gnulib@gnu.org. You can review the archives, subscribe, etc.,
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25 via http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/bug-gnulib.
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26
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27 Generally we are looking for files that fulfill at least one of the
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28 following requirements:
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29
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30 * If your .c and .h files define functions that are broken or
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31 missing on some other system, we should be able to include it.
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32
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33 * If your functions remove arbitrary limits from existing
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34 functions (either under the same name, or as a slightly different
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35 name), we should be able to include it.
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37 If your functions define completely new but rarely used functionality,
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38 you should probably consider packaging it as a separate library.
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40
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41 License
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42 -------
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43 Gnulib contains code both under GPL and LGPL. Because several packages
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44 that use Gnulib are GPL, the files state they are licensed under GPL.
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45 However, to support LGPL projects as well, you may use some of the
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46 files under LGPL. The "License:" information in the files under
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47 modules/ clarifies the real license that applies to the module source.
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48
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49 Keep in mind that if you submit patches to files in Gnulib, you should
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50 license them under a compatible license, which means that sometimes
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51 the contribution will have to be LGPL, if the original file is
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52 available under LGPL via a "License: LGPL" information in the
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53 projects' modules/ file.
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56 How to add a new module
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57 -----------------------
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58 * Add the header files and source files to lib/.
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59 * If the module needs configure-time checks, write an autoconf
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60 macro for it in m4/<module>.m4. See m4/README for details.
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61 * Write a module description modules/<module>, based on modules/TEMPLATE.
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62 * If the module contributes a section to the end-user documentation,
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63 put this documentation in doc/<module>.texi and add it to the "Files"
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64 section of modules/<module>. Most modules don't do this; they have only
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65 documentation for the programmer (= gnulib user). Such documentation
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66 usually goes into the lib/ source files. It may also go into doc/;
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67 but don't add it to the module description in this case.
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68 * Add the module to the list in MODULES.html.sh.
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69
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70 You can test that a module builds correctly with:
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71 $ ./gnulib-tool --create-testdir --dir=/tmp/testdir module1 ... moduleN
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72 $ cd /tmp/testdir
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73 $ ./configure && make
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74
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75 Other things:
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76 * Check the license and copyright year of headers.
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77 * Check that the source code follows the GNU coding standards;
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78 see <http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards>.
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79 * Add source files to config/srclist* if they are identical to upstream
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80 and should be upgraded in gnulib whenever the upstream source changes.
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81 * Include header files in source files to verify the function prototypes.
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82 * Make sure a replacement function doesn't cause warnings or clashes on
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83 systems that have the function.
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84 * Autoconf functions can use gl_* prefix. The AC_* prefix is for
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85 autoconf internal functions.
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86 * Build files only if they are needed on a platform. Look at the
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87 alloca and fnmatch modules for how to achieve this. If for some
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88 reason you cannot do this, and you have a .c file that leads to an
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89 empty .o file on some platforms (through some big #if around all the
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90 code), then ensure that the compilation unit is not empty after
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91 preprocessing. One way to do this is to #include <stddef.h> or
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92 <stdio.h> before the big #if.
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93
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94 Portability guidelines
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95 ----------------------
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96
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97 Gnulib code is intended to be portable to a wide variety of platforms,
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98 not just GNU platforms.
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99
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100 Many Gnulib modules exist so that applications need not worry about
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101 undesirable variability in implementations. For example, an
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102 application that uses the 'malloc' module need not worry about (malloc
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103 (0)) returning NULL on some Standard C platforms; and 'time_r' users
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104 need not worry about localtime_r returning int (not char *) on some
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105 platforms that predate POSIX 1003.1-2001.
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106
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107 Originally much of the Gnulib code was portable to ancient hosts like
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108 4.2BSD, but it is a maintenance hassle to maintain compatibility with
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109 unused hosts, so currently we assume at least a freestanding C89
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110 compiler, possibly operating with a C library that predates C89. The
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111 oldest environment currently ported to is probably SunOS 4 + GCC 1.x,
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112 though we haven't tested this exact combination. SunOS 4 last shipped
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113 on 1998-09-30, and Sun dropped support for it on 2003-10-01, so at
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114 some point we may start assuming a C89 library as well.
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115
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116 Because we assume a freestanding C89 compiler, Gnulib code can include
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117 <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h> unconditionally. It
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118 can also include hosted headers like <errno.h> that were present in
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119 Unix Version 7 and are thus widely available. Similarly, many modules
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120 include <sys/types.h> even though it's not even in C99; that's OK
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121 since <sys/types.h> has been around nearly forever. <string.h> and
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122 <stdlib.h> were not in Unix Version 7, so they weren't universally
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123 available on ancient hosts, but they are both in SunOS 4 (the oldest
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124 platform still in relatively-common use) so Gnulib assumes them now.
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125
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126 Even if the include files exist, they may not conform to C89.
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127 However, GCC has a "fixincludes" script that attempts to fix most
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128 C89-conformance problems. So Gnulib currently assumes include files
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129 largely conform to C89 or better. People still using ancient hosts
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130 should use fixincludes or fix their include files manually.
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131
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132 Even if the include files conform to C89, the library itself may not.
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133 For example, SunOS 4's (free (NULL)) can dump core, so Gnulib code
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134 must avoid freeing a null pointer, even though C89 allows it.
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135 You can work around some of these problems by requiring the relevant
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136 modules, e.g., the Gnulib 'free' module supplies a conforming 'free'.
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137
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138 The GNU coding standards allow one departure from strict C99: Gnulib
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139 code can assume that standard internal types like size_t are no wider
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140 than 'long'. POSIX 1003.1-2001 and the GNU coding standards both
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141 require 'int' to be at least 32 bits wide, so Gnulib code assumes this
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143
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144 * With one exception noted below, signed integer arithmetic is two's
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145 complement, without runtime overflow checking. This is the
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146 traditional behavior, and is supported by C99 implementations that
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147 conform to ISO/IEC 10967-1 (LIA-1) and that define signed integer
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148 types as being modulo.
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149
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150 The exception is signed loop indexes. Here, the behavior is
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151 undefined if any signed expression derived from the loop index
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152 overflows. For example, the following code contains two such
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153 overflows (the "i++" and the "i + 1") and therefore has undefined
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154 behavior:
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155
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156 int i;
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157 for (i = INT_MAX - 10; i <= INT_MAX; i++)
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158 if (i + 1 < 0)
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159 {
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160 report_overflow ();
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161 break;
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162 }
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163
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164 This exception is a concession to modern optimizing compilers,
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165 which can turn the above loop into code that executes the loop body
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166 11 times, even though wraparound arithmetic would cause the loop to
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167 iterate forever.
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168
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169 * There are no "holes" in integer values: all the bits of an integer
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170 contribute to its value in the usual way.
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171
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172 * If two nonoverlapping objects have sizes S and T represented as
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173 size_t values, then S + T cannot overflow. This assumption is true
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174 for all practical hosts with flat address spaces, but it is not
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175 always true for hosts with segmented address spaces.
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176
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177 * If an existing object has size S, and if T is sufficiently small
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178 (e.g., 8 KiB), then S + T cannot overflow. Overflow in this case
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179 would mean that the rest of your program fits into T bytes, which
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180 can't happen in realistic flat-address-space hosts.
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181
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182 * Objects with all bits zero are treated as 0 or NULL. For example,
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183 memset (A, 0, sizeof A) initializes an array A of pointers to NULL.
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184
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185 * Adding zero to a null pointer does not change the pointer.
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186 For example, 0 + (char *) NULL == (char *) NULL.
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187
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188 The above assumptions are not required by the C or POSIX standards but
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189 hold on all practical porting targets that we're familiar with. If
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190 you have a porting target where these assumptions are not true, we'd
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191 appreciate hearing of any fixes. We need fixes that do not increase
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192 runtime overhead on standard hosts and that are relatively easy to
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193 maintain.
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194
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195 With the above caveats, Gnulib code should port without problem to new
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196 hosts, e.g., hosts conforming to C99 or to recent POSIX standards.
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197 Hence Gnulib code should avoid using constructs (e.g., undeclared
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198 functions return 'int') that do not conform to C99.
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199
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200 High Quality
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201 ============
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202
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203 We will be developing a testsuite for these applications. The goal is
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204 to have a 100% firm interface so that maintainers can feel free to
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205 update to the code in git at *any* time and know that their
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206 application will not break. This means that before any change can be
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207 committed to the repository, a test suite program must be produced
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208 that exposes the bug for regression testing. All experimental work
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209 should be done on branches to help promote this.
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210
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211 git and CVS
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212 ===========
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213
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214 Gnulib is available for anonymous checkout. In any Bourne-shell the
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215 following should work:
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216 $ git clone git://git.sv.gnu.org/gnulib
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217 Or, if you prefer the CVS-like 'cogito' frontend to plain 'git':
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218 $ cg clone git://git.sv.gnu.org/gnulib
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219
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220 git resources:
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221 Overview: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)
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222 Homepage: http://git.or.cz/
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223 Download: http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/
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224 Tutorial: http://git.or.cz/course/
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225 http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/tutorial.html
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226 FAQ: http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq
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227
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228 cogito resources:
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229 Overview: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_(software)
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230 Homepage: http://git.or.cz/cogito/
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231 Download: http://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/cogito/
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232 Tutorial: http://git.or.cz/course/
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233
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234 For those among us who have tightly limited disk space and a fast network
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235 connection, CVS checkouts are also supported:
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236 $ cvs -d :pserver:anoncvs@cvs.gnu.org:/cvsroot/gnulib login
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237 (Just hit Enter or Return when prompted for a password)
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238 $ cvs -d :pserver:anoncvs@cvs.gnu.org:/cvsroot/gnulib checkout gnulib
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239
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240 Gnulib is hosted on savannah.gnu.org. The project page is
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241 http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gnulib.
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242
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243 Keeping Up-to-date
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244 ==================
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245
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246 The best way to work with Gnulib is to check it out of git.
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247 Subscribing to the bug-gnulib@gnu.org mailing list will help you to
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248 plan when to update your local copy of Gnulib (which you use to
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249 maintain your software) from git. To synchronize, you can use "git pull"
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250 or "cg update", or "cvs update -dP" if you are still using CVS.
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251
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252 Sometimes, using an updated version of Gnulib will require you to use
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253 newer versions of GNU Automake or Autoconf. You may find it helpful
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254 to join the autotools-announce mailing list to be advised of such
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255 changes.
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256
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257
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258 -----
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259 Copyright (C) 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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260
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261 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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262 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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263 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
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264 any later version.
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265
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266 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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267 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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268 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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269 GNU General Public License for more details.
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270
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271 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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272 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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273 Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */