@c Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 John W. Eaton
@c This is part of the Octave manual.
@c For copying conditions, see the file gpl.texi.

@node Containers
@chapter Containers
@cindex containers

@menu
* Cell Arrays::                 
@end menu

@node Cell Arrays
@section Cell Arrays
@cindex cell arrays

It can be both necessary and convenient to store several variables of
different size or type in one variable. A cell array is a container
class able to do just that. In general cell arrays work just like
@math{N}-dimensional arrays, with the exception of the use of @samp{@{}
and @samp{@}} as allocation and indexing operators.

As an example, the following code creates a cell array containing a
string and a 2-by-2 random matrix

@example
c = @{"a string", rand(2, 2)@};
@end example

@noindent
And a cell array can be indexed with the @{ and @} operators, so the
variable created in the previous example can be indexed like this

@example
@group
c@{1@}
     @result{} ans = a string
@end group
@end example

@noindent
As with numerical arrays several elements of a cell array can be
extracted by indexing with a vector of indexes

@example
@group
c@{1:2@}
     @result{} ans =
          
          (,
            [1] = a string
            [2] =
          
               0.593993   0.627732
               0.377037   0.033643
          
          ,)
@end group
@end example

The indexing operators can also be used to insert or overwrite elements
of a cell array. The following code inserts the scalar 3 on the
third place of the previously created cell array

@example
@group
c@{3@} = 3
     @result{} c =
         
         @{
           [1,1] = a string
           [1,2] =
         
              0.593993   0.627732
              0.377037   0.033643
         
           [1,3] =  3
         @}
@end group
@end example

@node Creating Cell Arrays
@subsection Creating Cell Array

The introductory example showed how to create a cell array containing
currently available variables. In many situations, however, it is useful
to create a cell array and then fill it with data.

The @code{cell} function returns a cell array of a given size, containing
empty matrices. This function works very similar to the @code{zeros}
function for creating new numerical arrays. The following example creates
a 2-by-2 cell array containing empty matrices

@example
@group
c = cell(2,2)
     @result{} c =
         
         @{
           [1,1] = [](0x0)
           [2,1] = [](0x0)
           [1,2] = [](0x0)
           [2,2] = [](0x0)
         @}
@end group
@end example

Just like numerical arrays, cell arrays can be multidimensional. The
@code{cell} function accepts any number of positive integers to describe
the size of the returned cell array. It is also possible to set the size
of the cell array through a vector of positive integers. In the
following example two cell arrays of equal size is created, and the size
of the first one is displayed

@example
c1 = cell(3, 4, 5);
c2 = cell( [3, 4, 5] );
size(c1)
     @result{} ans =
         3   4   5
@end example

@noindent
As can be seen, the @code{size} function also work for cell arrays. As
do the other functions describing the size of an object, such as
@code{length}, @code{numel}, @code{rows}, and @code{columns}.

An alternative to creating empty cell arrays, and then filling them, it
is possible to convert numerical arrays into cell arrays using the
@code{num2cell} and @code{mat2cell} functions.

@DOCSTRING(cell)

@DOCSTRING(iscell)

@DOCSTRING(num2cell)

@DOCSTRING(mat2cell)

@node Indexing Cell Arrays
@subsection Indexing Cell Arrays

As shown in the introductory example elements can be inserted from cell
arrays using the @samp{@{} and @samp{@}} operators. Besides the change
of operators, indexing works for cell arrays like for multidimensional
arrays.  As an example, all the rows of the first and third column of a
cell array can be set to @code{0} with the following code

@example
c@{:, [1, 3]@} = 0;
@end example

Accessing values in a cell array is, however, different from the same
operation for numerical arrays. Accessing a single element of a cell
array is very similar to numerical arrays, for example

@example
element = c@{1, 2@};
@end example

@noindent
This will, however, @emph{not} work when accessing multiple elements of
a cell array, because it might not be possible to represent all elements
with a single variable as is the case with numerical arrays.

Accessing multiple elements of a cell array will result in a list of all
the requested elements. This list can then form the basis of a new
numerical array or cell array, or be passed as arguments to a
function. If all the accessed elements of a cell array are scalars or
column vectors, they can be concatenated into a new column vector
containing the elements, by surrounding the list with @code{[} and
@code{]} as in the following example

@example
a = @{1, [2, 3], 4@};
b = [a@{:@}]
     @result{} b =
         1   2   3   4
@end example

In much the same way, a new cell array containing the accessed elements
can be created. By surrounding the list with @samp{@{} and @samp{@}} a
new cell array will be created, like the following example illustrates

@example
a = @{1, rand(2, 2), "three"@};
b = @{ a@{ [1, 3] @} @}
     @result{} b =
         @{
           [1,1] =  1
           [1,2] = three
         @}
@end example

It is also possible to pass the accessed elements directly to a
function.  The list of elements from the cell array will be passed as an
argument list to a given function if it is called with the elements as
arguments.  The two calls to @code{printf} in the following example are
identical but the latter is more simple and handles more situations

@example
c = @{"GNU", "Octave", "is", "Free", "Software"@};
printf ("%s ", c@{1@}, c@{2@}, c@{3@}, c@{4@}, c@{5@});
     @print{} GNU Octave is Free Software 
printf ("%s ", c@{:@});
     @print{} GNU Octave is Free Software 
@end example

@node Cell Arrays of Strings
@subsection Cell Arrays of Strings

One common use of cell arrays is to store multiple strings in the same
variable. It is possible to store multiple strings in a character matrix
by letting each row be a string. This, however, introduces the problem
that all strings must be of equal length. Therefore it is recommended to
use cell arrays to store multiple strings. If, however, the character
matrix representation is required for an operation, it can be converted
to a cell array of strings using the @code{cellstr} function

@example
a = ["hello"; "world"];
c = cellstr (a)
     @result{} c =
         @{
           [1,1] = hello
           [2,1] = world
         @}
@end example

One further advantage of using cell arrays to store multiple strings, is
that most functions for string manipulations included with Octave
supports this representation. As an example, it is possible to compare
one string with many others using the @code{strcmp} function. If one of
the arguments to this function is a string and the other is a cell array
of strings, each element of the cell array will be compared the string
argument,

@example
c = @{"hello", "world"@};
strcmp ("hello", c)
     @result{} ans =
        1   0
@end example

@noindent
The following functions for string manipulation support cell arrays of
strings, @code{strcmp}, @code{strcmpi}, @code{strncmp}, @code{strncmpi}, 
@code{str2double}, @code{str2mat}, @code{strappend}, @code{strtrunc},
@code{strvcat}, @code{strfind}, and @code{strmatch}.

@DOCSTRING(cellstr)

@DOCSTRING(iscellstr)

@DOCSTRING(cellidx)

@node Processing Data in Cell Arrays
@subsection Processing Data in Cell Arrays

Data that is stored in a cell array can be processed in several ways
depending on the actual data. The most simple way to process that data
is to iterate through it using one or more @code{for} loops. The same
idea can be implemented easier through the use of the @code{cellfun}
function that calls a user specified function on all elements of a cell
array.

@DOCSTRING(cellfun)

An alternative is to convert the data to a different container, such as
a matrix or a data structure.  Depending on the data this is possible
using the @code{cell2mat} and @code{cell2struct} functions.

@DOCSTRING(cell2mat)

@DOCSTRING(cell2struct)