copies: move from a copy on branchpoint to a copy on write approach Before this changes, any branch points results in a copy of the dictionary containing the copy information. This can be very costly for branchy history with few rename information. Instead, we take a "copy on write" approach. Copying the input data only when we are about to update them. In practice we where already doing the copying in half of these case (because `_chain` makes a copy), so we don't add a significant cost here even in the linear case. However the speed up in branchy case is very significant. Here are some timing on the pypy repository. revision: large amount; added files: large amount; rename small amount; c3b14617fbd7 9ba6ab77fd29 before: ! wall 1.399863 comb 1.400000 user 1.370000 sys 0.030000 (median of 10) after: ! wall 0.766453 comb 0.770000 user 0.750000 sys 0.020000 (median of 11) revision: large amount; added files: small amount; rename small amount; c3b14617fbd7 f650a9b140d2 before: ! wall 1.876748 comb 1.890000 user 1.870000 sys 0.020000 (median of 10) after: ! wall 1.167223 comb 1.170000 user 1.150000 sys 0.020000 (median of 10) revision: large amount; added files: large amount; rename large amount; 08ea3258278e d9fa043f30c0 before: ! wall 0.242457 comb 0.240000 user 0.240000 sys 0.000000 (median of 39) after: ! wall 0.211476 comb 0.210000 user 0.210000 sys 0.000000 (median of 45) revision: small amount; added files: large amount; rename large amount; df6f7a526b60 a83dc6a2d56f before: ! wall 0.013193 comb 0.020000 user 0.020000 sys 0.000000 (median of 224) after: ! wall 0.013290 comb 0.010000 user 0.010000 sys 0.000000 (median of 222) revision: small amount; added files: large amount; rename small amount; 4aa4e1f8e19a 169138063d63 before: ! wall 0.001673 comb 0.000000 user 0.000000 sys 0.000000 (median of 1000) after: ! wall 0.001677 comb 0.000000 user 0.000000 sys 0.000000 (median of 1000) revision: small amount; added files: small amount; rename small amount; 4bc173b045a6 964879152e2e before: ! wall 0.000119 comb 0.000000 user 0.000000 sys 0.000000 (median of 8023) after: ! wall 0.000119 comb 0.000000 user 0.000000 sys 0.000000 (median of 7997) revision: medium amount; added files: large amount; rename medium amount; c95f1ced15f2 2c68e87c3efe before: ! wall 0.201898 comb 0.210000 user 0.200000 sys 0.010000 (median of 48) after: ! wall 0.167415 comb 0.170000 user 0.160000 sys 0.010000 (median of 58) revision: medium amount; added files: medium amount; rename small amount; d343da0c55a8 d7746d32bf9d before: ! wall 0.036820 comb 0.040000 user 0.040000 sys 0.000000 (median of 100) after: ! wall 0.035797 comb 0.040000 user 0.040000 sys 0.000000 (median of 100) The extra cost in the linear case can be reclaimed later with some extra logic. Differential Revision: https://phab.mercurial-scm.org/D7124

A dummy certificate that will make OS X 10.6+ Python use the system CA
certificate store:

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIBIzCBzgIJANjmj39sb3FmMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMBkxFzAVBgNVBAMTDmhn
LmV4YW1wbGUuY29tMB4XDTE0MDgzMDA4NDU1OVoXDTE0MDgyOTA4NDU1OVowGTEX
MBUGA1UEAxMOaGcuZXhhbXBsZS5jb20wXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEA
mh/ZySGlcq0ALNLmA1gZqt61HruywPrRk6WyrLJRgt+X7OP9FFlEfl2tzHfzqvmK
CtSQoPINWOdAJMekBYFgKQIDAQABMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA0EAF9h49LkSqJ6a
IlpogZuUHtihXeKZBsiktVIDlDccYsNy0RSh9XxUfhk+XMLw8jBlYvcltSXdJ7We
aKdQRekuMQ==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

This certificate was generated to be syntactically valid but never be usable;
it expired before it became valid.

Created as:

  $ cat > cn.conf << EOT
  > [req]
  > distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
  > [req_distinguished_name]
  > commonName = Common Name
  > commonName_default = no.example.com
  > EOT
  $ openssl req -nodes -new -x509 -keyout /dev/null \
  >   -out dummycert.pem -days -1 -config cn.conf -subj '/CN=hg.example.com'

To verify the content of this certificate:

  $ openssl x509 -in dummycert.pem -noout -text
  Certificate:
      Data:
          Version: 1 (0x0)
          Serial Number: 15629337334278746470 (0xd8e68f7f6c6f7166)
      Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
          Issuer: CN=hg.example.com
          Validity
              Not Before: Aug 30 08:45:59 2014 GMT
              Not After : Aug 29 08:45:59 2014 GMT
          Subject: CN=hg.example.com
          Subject Public Key Info:
              Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                  Public-Key: (512 bit)
                  Modulus:
                      00:9a:1f:d9:c9:21:a5:72:ad:00:2c:d2:e6:03:58:
                      19:aa:de:b5:1e:bb:b2:c0:fa:d1:93:a5:b2:ac:b2:
                      51:82:df:97:ec:e3:fd:14:59:44:7e:5d:ad:cc:77:
                      f3:aa:f9:8a:0a:d4:90:a0:f2:0d:58:e7:40:24:c7:
                      a4:05:81:60:29
                  Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
      Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
           17:d8:78:f4:b9:12:a8:9e:9a:22:5a:68:81:9b:94:1e:d8:a1:
           5d:e2:99:06:c8:a4:b5:52:03:94:37:1c:62:c3:72:d1:14:a1:
           f5:7c:54:7e:19:3e:5c:c2:f0:f2:30:65:62:f7:25:b5:25:dd:
           27:b5:9e:68:a7:50:45:e9:2e:31